9类状语从句的的备考说明
状语从句在复合句中作状语,相当于副词的用法,用来修修动词、形容词或副词。引导状语从句的关联词叫从属连词。状语从句的语序与陈述句语序相同。状语从句可位于复合句的句首或句末,当从句位于句首时,后面常用逗号与主句分开。根据状语从句的不同作用可分为时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句、比较状语从句、方式状语从句等九种。
1. 时间状语从句及备考说明
引导时间状语从句的从属连词(以下称引导词)很多,为方便记忆,现作以下分类:
(1)基本类:包括before, after, when, while, as, since, till, until, once, as soon as 等。如:
Did anyone call when I was out? 我不在家时谁来过电话吗?
We have known each other since we were children. 我们从小认识。
You’ll feel better after you take the pills. 吃完药丸后你会感到好一些。
Make sure that all the lights are off before you go to bed. 睡觉前一定要关灯。
Don’t promise him anything till we’ve had time to think about it. 在我们有时间考虑之前别答应他什么。
(2)名词类:即由名词词组充当引导词,包括the moment, the minute, the second, the instant 等(均表示“一……就……”。如
I loved you the instant (that) I saw you. 我一见到你就爱上你了。
Tell me the moment (that) you get the results. 你一拿到结果就给我打电话。
(3)副词类:即由副词充当引导词,如 immediately, directly, instantly等。如:
I came immediately you called. 你一打电话我就来了。
Directly I walked in the door I smelt smoke. 我一进门就闻到烟味。
(4)短语类:主是几个涉及time短语,如every time,each time,(the) next time,any time,the last time,the first time 等。如:
Next time you come in, please close the door. 下次你进来,请关门。
My roof leaks every time it rains. 每次下雨,我的房顶就漏。
He felt nervous each time she spoke to him. 每次她和他讲话,他都感到紧张。
The last time we talked he said he needed another two days. 上次我们谈话时他说他还需要两天。
(5)句型类:包括no sooner…than, hardly…when等。如:
I had no sooner closed the door than somebody knocked. 我刚把门关上就有人敲门。
Hardly were the words uttered than he began to regret them. 话刚说出口他就开始后悔了。
【备考说明】要特别注意“名词类”、“短语类”“句型类”状语从句,因为它们不仅是考查的重点,也往往是应试的难点。另外,以before, until, unless等引导的状语从句也应引导足够重视。
2. 地点状语从句及备考说明
地点状语从句主要由 where 引导,其意为“在……的地方”,有时也可由wherever(无论在……地方)和everywhere(每一个……的地方)引导。如:
Keep it where you can see it. 把它放在你看得见的地方。
He lives where the climate is mild. 他住在一个气候温暖的地方。
I’ll take you anywhere you like. 你想到哪儿我就带你到哪儿。
Everywhere I go, I find the same thing. 不管我走到哪里,我都发现同样情况。
【备考说明】地点状语从句是高考英语中一个很重要的考点,由于许多同学对此重视不够,所以此类考题的丢分很严重。请看以下高考真题,它们考查的都是地点状语从句(答案均选 where):
(1) When you read the book, you’d better make a mark ________ you have any questions.
A. at which B. at where C. the place where D. where
(2) After the war, a new school building was put up ________ there had once been a theatre.
A. that B. where C. which________ D. when
(3) You should make it a rule to leave things ________ you can find them again.
A. when B. where C. then________ D. there
(4) She found her calculator ________ she lost it.
A. where B. when C. in which D. that
3. 原因状语从句及备考说明
原因状语从句主要由since, because, for, as, now that, when 引导。如:
Since we’ve no money, we can’t buy it. 因为我们没有钱,我们没法买它。
They can’t have gone out because the light’s on. 他们不可能出去了,因为灯还亮着。
The days were short, for it was now December. 白天很短,因为这时已经是十二月。
As there isn’t anything more to do, I may as well go home early 既然这里没有别的事要做,我还不如早点回家。
Now that you are all here, let’s try and reach a decision. 既然你们都在这里,咱们就设法做出一个决定。
【备考说明】要特别注意when表示原因的用法,因为许多同学对此用法并不是很熟悉。如:
I can’t tell you when you won’t listen. 既然你不想听,我就不告诉你了。
Why do you want a new job when you’ve got such a good one already? 你已经有一份这么好的工作了,你为什么还要找新的工作呢?
4. 条件状语从句及备考说明
条件状语从句主要由if, unless, as [so] long as(只要), in case(如果,万一)等引导。如:
If there is any problem, let me know. 如果有什么问题可以通知我。
Unless you wear boots you may be bitted by snakes. 若不穿靴子你可能被蛇咬。
As long as you understand, we shall say no more about it. 只要你能理解,我们就不说什么了。
In case he arrives before I get back, please ask him to wait. 如果他在我回来以前到,请让他等等我。
【备考说明】条状语从句最值得关注的是in case,另外unless也是一个不可轻视的连词。请再看几例:
Tell me in case you get into difficulty. 遇到困难请告诉我。
In case I forget, please remind me about it. 如果我忘了,请提醒我。
In case the house burns down, we’ll get the insurance money. 这房子要是烧坏了,我们就可以领保险金了。
Unless you change your mind, I won’t be able to help you. 除非你改变你的想法,否则我不能帮助你。
Unless you’ re early you can’t be sure of getting a seat. 除非你早去,否则你不会有座位的。
5. 让步状语从句的用法
(1)基本类:引导让步状语从句的从属连词主要有though / although(虽然),even if / even though(即使), whether…or (无论……还是……)等。如:
Although it was built before the war, the engine is still in perfect order. 虽然发动机是战前造的,但仍然工作良好。
Even if you don’t like him you can still be polite. 即使你不喜欢他,你仍可有礼貌一些。
Whether we go or whether we stay, the result is the same. 不管我们是走还是留结果都一样。
(2)-ever类:主要指however / whatever / whoever / whichever 等引导的让步状语从句,其用法相当于no matter how / what / who / which…,意思是“无论……”。如:
I will refuse, however [no matter how] favorable the condition is. 不管条件多好,我都不接受。
Phone me when you arrive, however [no matter how] late it is. 你到达之后就给我打电话,不论多么晚也要打。
Don’t lose heart whatever [no matter what] difficulties you meet. 一不管遇到什么困难都不要灰心。
Whoever [No matter who] you are, you can’t pass this way. 不管你是谁,都不能从这里过去。
Whichever [No matter which] you choose, they will be offended. 不管你选哪个,他们都会不高兴。
【备考说明】重点应关注由-ever引导的状语从句。另外,由even if和even though引导的状语从句也值得注意。
6. 目的状语从句及备考说明
目的状语从句主要由 in order that, so that, in case, for fear从属连词引导。如:
I shall sit up for a time, in case I am wanted. 我暂时不睡,以防有事需要我。
We arrived early so that [in order that] we could get good seats. 我们到得早,以便找到好座位。
I bought the car at once for fear (that) he might change his mind. 我马上买下那辆汽车,以免他变卦。
【备考说明】原则上说以in order that, so that, in case, for fear引导的状语从句都很重要,都不能轻视,尤其是以in case引导的目的状语从句,更要引起特别注意。请再看几个例句:
I don’t let him climb trees in case he tears his trousers. 我不让他爬树,以免撕破裤子。
I always slept by the phone in case he rang during the night. 我总是睡在电话机旁边,惟恐他夜间打电话来。
I’ll keep a seat for you in case you should change your mind. 我给你留一个座位,以防你会改变主意。
注:in case除引导目的状语从句(表示“以防”“以免”)外,还可引导条件状语从句(表示“如果”“万一”),请不要混淆。
7. 结果状语从句及备考说明
结果状语从句主要由so that, so…that, such…that 等引导。如:
My pencil fell under my desk, so that I couldn’t see it. 我的铅笔掉到书桌下面去了,因此我看不到它。
My suitcase had become damaged, so that the lid would not stay closed. 我的箱子损坏了,因此盖子关不上了。
They are such wonderful players (that) no one can beat them. 他们都是出色的运动员,没有人能战胜他们。
There was such a lot of rain (that) we couldn’t go out. 下这么大的雨,我们都出不了门了。
【备考说明】请注意so that引导结果状语从句与引导目的状语从句的区别(主要从句意上区分)。
8. 方式状语从句及备考说明
方式状语从句主要由as, as if, as though 等引导。如:
I have changed it as you suggest. 我已照你的建议作了改动。
You’re speaking as if you’d never been 15 years old in your life. 你这话说的好像你平生未曾有过15岁。
She closed her eyes as though she were tired too. 她闭上眼睛仿佛她也累了似的。
【备考说明】注意根据句意确定as if, as though从句是否使用虚拟语气。
9. 比较状语从句及备考说明
比较状语从句主要由 than, as…as, the same…as 等。如:
It is easier than I thought. 这比我想像的更容易。
He is as quick in answering as his sister (is). 他回答得和他妹妹一样快。
He didn’t sell half as many videos as he thought he would. 他售出的录像带还不到他设想的一半。
【备考说明】备考中请注意so that引导目的状语从句和结果状语从句的区别。