-ing分词用法归纳
1. -ing分词概述
-ing分词的基本形式是由动词加-ing 构成，与动词的分词形式一致。
-ing分词的主要变化形式有一般式和完成式；一般式和完成式中又分别有主动形式及被动形式。详见下表：
主动形式
被动形式
一般式
doing
being done
完成式
having done
having been done
2. -ing分词的意义
(1) -ing分词所表示的动作常与谓语动词的动作同时发生。如：
He used to stand there thinking. 他过去常站在那儿思考。
They held activities celebrating their culture. 他们举行活动来庆祝他们的文化。
(2) -ing分词若在suggest, insist等动词后或作结果状语时，表示的动作常发生在谓语动词的动作之后；
He suggested us practicing English every day. 他建议我们每天练习英语。
He insists on going with us together. 他坚持要跟我们一起去。
Her mother went away alone, leaving her crying there. 她母亲一个人走了，让她一个人在那儿哭。
(3) -ing分词若在forget, regret, remember等动词后或作时间状语时，表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。如：
Can you still remember living there? 你还能记得在那里的生活情况吗？
I don’t regret helping him, though he is unkind to us. 尽管她对我们不友好，我对帮助他还是不后悔。
(4) -ing分词若在介词before, after之后，动作的先后依介词before, after的意义而定。如：
I often read some newspaper before getting to sleep. 我在入睡前常要看一看报纸。
(5) -ing分词表泛指意义的动作或状态时，没有时间意义。如：
Keeping on doing morning exercises is a good habit. 坚持做早操是一种好的习惯。
(6) -ing分词的完成式表示所发生的动作在谓语动词的动作之前。如：
Not having received her answer, he decided to write to her again. 由于没有收到她的回信，他决定再给她写封信。
(7) -ing分词的主动形式，表明逻辑主语所发出的动作；-ing分词的被动形式表明逻辑主语是动作的承受者。如：
Seeing from the top of the mountain, you will find the town very beautiful. 你从山顶上看，就会发现这座城市很美。
Seen from the top of the mountain, the town looks beautiful. 从山顶上看去，这座城市看起来很美。
(8) -ing分词的否定式是在-ing分词前面加否定词not。如：
Not knowing what to do, he went to ask the teacher for help. 由于不知道该怎么做，他去请求老师的帮助。
Not having made it clear, he went to ask the teacher about it again. 由于他没有弄明白，他又去向老师询问这件事。
3. -ing分词的句法功能
-ing分词具有动词的一些特征，可带自己的宾语或状语，从而一起构成动词—ing 形式的短语。这个动词—ing 形式短语具有名词、形容词及副词的性质，在句子中，可做句子的主语、宾语、宾语的补足语、表语、同位语、定语及状语等成分。
(1) 作主语
-ing分词短语放在句子的前面做主语，但当-ing分词短语较长时，为了使句子保持平衡，常用it作形式主语，而将真正的主语放到句子的末尾。如：
Reading makes a man perfect. 阅读使人完美。
Crying over spilt milk is no use. —It is no use crying over spilt milk. 牛奶倒了，哭也无益。
-ing分词做真正的主语时常用于句型：It is no use doing…/ It is no good doing… / It is useless doing…/ It is worthwhile doing…如：
It is no good reading in the sun. 在阳光下看书是不好的。
It is useless remembering words only. 只记单词是没有用的。
(2) 作宾语
-ing分词既可做某些动词的宾语，也可做介词的宾语。
a. -ing分词并不是做所有及物动词的宾语，而是只能做某些及物动词的宾语，如：admit, advise, allow, avoid, consider, delay, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, fancy, forbid, imagine, mind, miss, keep, pardon, permit, postpone, practice, prevent, resist, risk, suggest, stop及下列短语动词的宾语： carry on, can’t help, feel like, give up, keep on, put off, set about, object to, insist on, prevent from, pay attention to, stick to, refer to, get down to, look forwards to, devote…to, be / get used to, lead to。如：
I dislike playing cards. 我不喜欢打牌。
He enjoys reading stories. 她喜欢读故事。
He got down to working as soon as he got to the office. 他一进入办公室就开始工作。
b. 下列动词或形容词: want, require, need, deserve, worth带-ing分词作宾语时，主动形式表被动意义。如：
The book is worth reading. 这本书值得读。
The house requires repairing at once. 这座房子需要马上维修。
c. 介词除besides, but, except接不定式外，一般都须接-ing分词作宾语。如：
You must finish your work before going to the concert. 你必须在去听音乐演唱会之前必须把工作完成。
On seeing her mother, the little girl began to cry out. 这个小女孩一看见她的母亲就大哭了起来。
(3) 作表语
-ing分词作表语时，有两种情况，一方面，当-ing分词具有名词性质时，-ing分词短语说明主语的内容；另一方面，当-ing分词具有形容词性质时，-ing分词说明主语的性质或特征。如：
His job is teaching English. 他的工作是教英语。(说明工作的内容)
His job is interesting. 他的工作很有趣。(说明工作的特征)
注意：当-ing分词的动作是主语所发出的时，句子不是系表结构，而是动词现在进行时。如：
He is teaching Japanese at that school. 他在那所学校教日语。(现在进行时)
(4) 作宾语的补足语
下列动词可接-ing分词作宾语的补足语。
a. 感、知觉动词：feel, hear, look at, listen to, notice, observe, sense, see, watch 可接-ing分词作宾语的补足语。如：
I heard her singing in the next door? 当时我听见她在隔壁唱歌吗？
I watched them playing volleyball on the playing ground. 我观看他们在操场上打排球。
b. 动词find, get, have, keep, leave, send，suggest可接-ing分词作宾语的补足语。如：
I found the missing boy playing by the river. 我发现那个失踪的男孩在河边玩。
Don’t have your guest standing there and ask him to sit down. 不要让客人站在那里, 请他入坐。
(5) 作定语
-ing分词作定语时，分两种情况。
a. 单个的动词—ing 形式作定语时，它总是位于被修饰的名词之前，说明被修饰名词的目的、用途或特征。如：
China is a developing country. 中国是一个发展中国家。
Would you please give me some writing paper? 请给一些书写纸好吗？
b. -ing分词接名词、代词或副词构成的短语作定语时，总是位于所修饰的名词之后，说明名词所处的状态或进行的动作。如：
The boy studying in the classroom is Li Lei. 在教室里学习的那个男孩是李蕾。
Don’t trouble the dog sleeping over there. 不要惹事生非。
(6) 作同位语
-ing分词作同位语时，位于同位的名词之后，且跟前面的名词用逗号隔开，表示前面名词的内容。如：
His idea, helping farmers get in their crops, interested us very much. 他那帮助农民收割庄稼的想法使我们很感兴趣。
The goal, making two thousand cars this mouth, excites the workers. 本月生产两千辆小汽车的目标使工人们很兴奋。
(7) 作状语
-ing分词在句子中做状语，表示谓语动词所发生的时间、原因、条件、让步、方式、伴随、目的、程度和结果。如：
a. 作时间状语
Having cleaned the house, she went on to help her mother pick apples. 把房子打扫后，她又继续帮助母亲摘苹果。
Having had his breakfast, he began to look for work again. 吃过早餐后，他又开始去寻找工作。
b. 作原因状语
Not knowing English, they found it very difficult to communicate with the people in America. 由于不懂英语，他发现在美国跟人们交流很困难。
Getting up late, he missed his early train. 由于起床晚了，他没有赶上早班火车。
c. 作条件状语
Living in a polluted environment, people may fall ill easily. 如果生活在受污染的环境中，人们很容易生病。
Loving others, you will be loved by others. 如果你爱他人，你就会得到他人的爱。
d. 作让步状语
Being at school or at home, she is a good girl. 不管是在学校还是在家，她都是个好姑娘。
Talking or acting, he is very honest. 无论是说话还是做事，他都很诚实。
e. 作方式状语
He went there riding his bike. 他骑单车去那里。
They make money selling fruits. 他们靠卖水果挣钱。
f. 作伴随状语
He used to sit there thinking. 过去他常坐在那里思考。
He walked along the river singing in a low voice. 他一边沿着河边走一边低声唱着歌儿。
g. 作目的状语。作目的状语的-ing分词一般是表示所从事的活动方面的动词，如：boating, climbing, fishing, hunting, riding, sailing, shopping, shooting, skating, skiing, swimming, walking, washing等。
I often go shopping with mother on Sundays. 星期天我常跟妈妈买东西。
Will you please go skating with me this afternoon? 今天下午跟我去滑冰好吗？
h. 作程度状语。作程度状语时，常用来修饰形容词或副词。如：
He was caught in the heavy rain and got his clothes soaking wet. 他淋了一场大雨，把衣服全部弄湿了。
He wore his thin coat in freezing cold days and fell ill soon. 他在冰冷的天还穿着单薄的大衣，不久就病倒了。
i. 作结果状语
He cut down the trees in front of his house, having its roof blown off by strong wind. 他把房前的树给砍了，结果大风把房顶刮走了。
He died, leaving his wife and children nothing but great debt. 他死了，留给妻子和孩子的只有巨大的债负。
4. -ing分词的一些惯用法
在英语实际交际中，还有一些特殊用法或句型。如：
(1) There be no doing = It is impossible to do …。如：
There is no telling whether he will keep his words. 他会不会遵守诺言很难说。
(2) How / What about doing… = How do you like …/ What do you think of… 如：
How about hiking this Sunday? 本周星期天去远足怎么样？
(3) on doing…= as soon as + clause , 如：
On hearing the bad news, the little girl burst out crying. 一听到这一噩耗，小女孩就大哭了起来。
(4) There be no end to doing… 无止境。如：
If everyone wants others to dance to his music, there will be no end to fighting in the world. 要是大家都要其它的人来按照他的意志做事，那么世界上就永远没有安宁的日子。
(5) without so much as doing = even…. not. 甚至，连…都没有。如：
He started his company without so much as having his own office. 他创办公司时连自己的办公室都没有。
(6) lose no time in doing = begin to do …at once. 立刻做…。如：
There are very few days left for NMT, so we can lose no time in revising our lessons. 离高考没几天了，我们得抓紧复习我们的功课了。
(7) be up on the point of doing … = be going to do …即将做…。如：
We believe our China is on the point of creating a new era. 我们相信我们中国即将开创一个新时代。
(8) in (the) hope of doing …怀着…希望。如：
After graduating from university, he went to Shenzhen in the hope of finding a good job. 大学毕业以后，他去深圳希望找到一个好的工作。
(9) for the purpose of doing …= for the sake of …为了…。如：
He went on studying abroad for the purpose of serving the people better. 他继续去国外深造以便能更好地为人民服务。
(10) come near doing… = almost do…几乎，差一点儿。如：
He came near dying in the traffic accident. 他在那场车祸中差一点丧了命。
5. -ing分词的复合结构
根据句子意思的需要，有时须在-ing分词前加上适当的逻辑主语，这种逻辑主语与-ing分词一起就构成了-ing分词的复合结构。
(1) -ing分词的复合结构形式
a. 一般说来，-ing分词的复合结构是由形容词性的物主代词或名词的所有格与-ing分词构成。如：
His ( Li Lei’s ) singing / writing / painting attracts many people. 他的唱歌 / 写字 / 绘画吸引了很多人。
b. 当-ing分词的复合结构作宾语时，-ing分词的复合结构也可用人称代词的宾格或名词的普通格与-ing分词构成。如：
The teacher suggested us / our / Li Lei / Li Lei’s waiting for Wu Dong at the station. 老师建议我们 / 李蕾在车站等吴东。
Do you mind me / my / Li Lei / Li Lei’s reading aloud in the classroom? 我 / 李蕾在教室里大声朗读你介意吗？
动词be的—ing 形式的复合结构不管是作主语还是作宾语，它的复合结构都必须是形容词性物主代词或名词的所有格与-ing分词构成。如：
His / The teacher’s being there made me very tense. 他 / 老师的在那儿使我非常紧张。
c. 在there be / stand / lie / exist 结构中，系动词—ing 形式的逻辑主语为：there。而没有主格、宾格之分。
I didn’t enter the room because of there being too many people in it. 由于房间里有很多人，我没有进去。
d. 当不定代词all, both, each, few, some, this等作动词—ing 形式的逻辑主语时，就用它们的普通形式。如：
All glittering is not gold. 闪光的不都是金子。
I don’t like this being cooked this way. 我不喜欢这东西这么煮。
(2) -ing分词的复合结构的作用
-ing分词的复合结构相当于一个名词或代词，在句子中可作句子的主语、宾语和表语。如：
a. 作主语
His being ill troubled his parents. 他的生病给他的父母亲带来了麻烦。
Their coming made us very happy. 他们的到来使我们大家很高兴。
b. 作宾语
We don’t like his coming late. 我们不喜欢他迟到。
I don’t mind him singing at night. 我不介意他夜里唱歌。
c. 作表语
What matters most is his acting. 关系最大的是他的行为。
What surprised us most is his speaking. 使我们最吃惊的是他的发言。