分词的主要句法功能归纳

发布时间:2022-04-29T12:27:27 英语语法

分词的主要句法功能归纳

 

一、分词用作表语

The news is encouraging. 这消息令人鼓舞。

The present situation is terrifying. 目前形势令人惊恐。

Please be seated. 请坐好。

The window was broken. 窗户破了。

【注】(1) 有的用作表语的分词具有形容词性质,有的甚至已转化为形容词。

(2) 现在分词和动名词作表语的区别:现在分词作表语主要表示主语的性质和特征,而动名词作表语则主要是对主语内容的进一步说明和解释:

My job is interesting. 我的工作很有趣。

My job is teaching maths. 我的工作是教数学。

另外,动名词作表语时它可与主语交换位置,而现在分词作表语则不可与主语交换位置:

误:Interesting is my job.

正:Teaching maths is my job.

还有,作表语的现在分词不能带宾语,而作表语用的动名词可以带宾语(如上例)。

 

二、分词用作定语

What disappointing news! 多么令人失望的消息!

The story had a satisfying ending. 这故事有一个令人满意的结局。

She is a trained nurse. 她是一个受过训练的护士。

All these are required subjects. 所有这些都是必修课。

【注】(1) 单个的分词作定语可以置于被修饰词语之前,但若是分词短语作定语则应置于被修饰名词之后:

There is a gentleman asking to see you. 有一位先生要求见你。

She bought a computer produced in China. 她买了一台中国生产的电脑。

(2) 由现在分词being构成的短语通常不能用作后置定语,除非这个being是构成被动结构的助动词:

误:Anyone being ill can take the medicine.(因being不是助动词,故错)

正:Anyone who is ill can take the medicine. 任何人病了都可服这药。

正:He isn’t interested in the question being discussed. 他对讨论的问题不感兴趣。

(3) 现在分词作后置定语时,它所表示的动作通常不能发生在谓语动作之前(这也就是为什么现在分词的完成式不能用作后置定语的原因):

误:The man stealing [having stolen] the car was caught.

正:The man who stole the car was caught. 偷汽车的那个人被抓了。

(4) 现在分词作定语与动名词作定语的区别:现在分词作定语时,它所修饰的名词通常就是现在分词的逻辑主语,并且通常可转换成一个定语从句;而动名词作定语表示的是被修饰名词的作用、用途等。比较:

a moving truck 正在移动的汽车(moving为现在分词,与truck有主谓关系)

a moving truck 搬家汽车(moving为动名词,说明truck的用途)

a hunting dog 正在猎物的狗(hunting为现在分词,与dog有主谓关系)

a hunting dog 猎狗(hunting为动名词,说明dog的用途)

 

三、分词用作状语

分词作状语可以表示多种关系:

(1) 表时间:

Seeing the cat, the mouse ran off. 见到猫,老鼠就跑了。

The work finished, he went home. 工作做完后,他就回家了。

(2) 表原因:

Being very weak, she couldn’t move. 她由于身体虚弱而不能行动。

His car broken down, he had to walk. 他的车坏了,所以只好走路。

Much discouraged,she moved on to London. 她很沮丧,搬到了伦敦。

(3) 表条件:

United, we stand; divided, we fall. 团结则存,分裂则亡。

Given more time, we could have done it better. 如果多给点时间,我们可以做得更好。

Working hard, you will succeed. 如果努力工作,你就可以成功。

Adding them all up, we can find the answer. 如果把它们加起来,我们就可以得到答案。

(4) 表让步:

Although living miles away, he attended the course. 虽然住在几英里以外,他仍去上课。

Defeated, he remained a popular boxer. 虽然被击败了,他仍是一个受欢迎的拳击手。

(5) 表方式:

He earns a living driving a truck. 他靠开卡车谋生。

I’m returning you letter as requested. 我按要求给你退信。

(6) 表伴随:

He sat in the chair reading newspapers. 他坐在椅子上看报。

Don’t you sit there doing nothing. 别什么也不干坐在那里。

He came in, followed by his wife. 他走了进来,后面跟着他的妻子。

(7) 表结果:

He fired, killing one of the passers-by. 他开枪了,打死了一个过路人。

He died, leaving his wife with five children. 他死了,留下他妻子和五个孩子。

It rained and rained, vehicles bogged and bridges washed out. 雨不停地下,车辆陷入泥沼,桥梁被水冲去。

 

四、分词用作宾补足语

He soon had them all laughing. 他很快逗得大家都笑了。

I saw her being taken to the operating room. 我看见她被送到手术室。

We found him greatly changed. 我们发现他变化很大。

I heard my name called. 我听到有人叫我的名字。

【注】比较以下两句用现在分词作宾补与用不带to的不定式作宾补的区别:

I saw the children playing in the street. 我看见孩子们在街上玩。

I saw the children enter a shop. 我看见孩子们进了一家商店。

一般说来,用现在分词表示动词在进行,用动词原形表示动作的全过程。除动词see外,hear, notice, feel 等动词也有类似区别。