“情态动词用法”问答

发布时间:2022-04-25T18:59:41 英语语法

“情态动词用法”问答

【问题一】在人教版必修一第2单元有这样一个句子:By the 1600’s, Shakespeare was able to make use of a wider vocabulary in his writing than ever before.这句话能否用could代替was able to?

在必修三第2单元还有一个句子:Perhaps with a discount and a new sign he could win his customers back. 这句话能否用was able to代替could?

He didn’t agree with me at first, but I was able to persuade him to sign the agreement later. 这句话用could为何不可以?

这些问题,实际上就是could和was able to的区别。could表示“(过去)有能力做某事”,was able to 除了这层意思外,还有一个重要的意思,就是:“设法做了某事(managed to do sth.)”,“成功地做了某事(succeeded in doing sth.)”,往往暗示经过努力才具备的能力。如果只表达“有能力做某事”这层意思,而不表达是否实施,那么这两个可以互换,而意思保持不变,例如:

He was very strong and he could(=was able to)lift that big stone. 他很强壮,他能够举起那块大石头。(意思是他有这个能力,是否实施不得而知)

但是,如果是第二层意思,即“能够设法做了某事,成功地做了某事”,那么只能用was able to,不用could。请比较:

At last he could solve the problem.(误)

At last, he was able to solve the problem.(正)

Only when the war was over could he get happily back to work.(误)

Only when the war was over was he able to get happily back to work.(正)

It was a very big fire, but most people could escape from it. (误)

It was a very big fire, but most people were able to escape from it.(正)

但是,在否定句中两个可以互换,而意思相同:

I couldn’t persuade him to sign the agreement.= I wasn’t able to persuade him to sign the agreement.

They couldn't finish the task in such a short time.= They were not able to finish the task in such a short time.

在与感知动词连用时,如recognize, see, understand, realize等,用于肯定句或否定句都可,两者没有区别。

The little boy could recognize his mother.= The little boy was able to recognize his mother.

现在回到前面的问题。

1. By the 1600’s, Shakespeare was able to make use of a wider vocabulary in his writing than ever before.这句话能否用could代替was able to?

这句话could不能代替was able to,是因为在其作品中使用更大范围的词汇量,莎士比亚已经成功地做到了。

2. Perhaps with a discount and a new sign he could win his customers back. 这句话能否用was able to代替could?

我们找出课文看看,王鹏对他餐馆的未来充满了希望,他采取打折和换用新的牌子的方式招徕顾客,这可能唤回顾客,但仅是一种可能,能否成功不得而知。故只能使用could。

3. He didn’t agree with me at first, but I was able to persuade him to sign the agreement later. 这句话用could为何不可以?

本句前后两个分句是转折关系。他一开始不同意,但是我后来还是能够说服他签了合同,表示结果,故用was able to。

 

【问题二】学生可能会继续问:老师,我们在必修三学习了情态动词表推测的用法,但在实际语言运用中却经常拿不准。下面这个对话,为何用may不用can?

---Is there a movie on in the cinema tonight?

---There ________ be. I’ll phone the cinema and find it out.

从对话的内容来看,答语应当是一个表推测性的情态动词,意为“可能有电影在上演。”英语的may和can都可以表示“可能性推测”, 但may一般用于陈述句(肯定或否定均可),不用于疑问句。表示主观推测时,can一般用于否定句和疑问句,不用于肯定句中。所以,应该说There may be. 请比较:

A: Who is standing over there? 是谁站在那儿?

B: I can’t say it must be Tom, but it may be Tom. 我不能说那一定是汤姆,但可能是汤姆。(不说:but it can be Tom.)

C: Can it be Tom? 可能是汤姆吗?(不说:May it be Tom?)

D: No, it can’t be Tom. He is in the classroom now. 不,不可能是他。他现在正在教室里呢。(比较:No, it may not be Tom.不是吧,那可能不是汤姆。)

特别提示:

It must be Tom. 是一种十分肯定的推测(“一定是”);

It may be Tom. 是一种不确定的推测(“可能是”);

It may not be Tom. 也是一种不确定的推测(“可能不是”);

It can’t be Tom. 是完全否定的推测(“不可能是”)。

【问题三】When I was studying at Beijing University, I would take a walk along the lake

本题为何用would,它不是will的过去式表将来吗?还有,表示过去的动作或行为时,would跟used to有何区别?

would除了表示过去将来时外,还有一个特殊的用法,就是表示“过去经常性、习惯性的动作”。句子意思是:在北京大学学习期间,我常常(往往)在晚上都沿着湖边散步。

又如:The old lady would often give me something to eat when I was in the countryside.我在乡下时,那位老太太常常给我吃的东西。

used to也有“过去常常“之意,表示过去有规律的习惯或过去某一时期的状况,但现在并不如此了。它可以与表示过去的时间状语连用。

She doesn't get up early as she used to.她不像以前起得那么早了。

There used to be a temple here.从前这里有一座庙。

used to可表示过去经常发生的动作或存在的状态,表示“过去如此,现在已不再这样了”的含义,强调今昔对比;而would仅表示过去习惯性或重复性的动作,与现在无关。

People used to believe that the sun moved round the earth.过去人们认为太阳绕着地球转。(不用would)

He would sit in the yard listening to the radio every evening.每天晚上他都会坐在院子里听收音机。(表示过去重复性的动作,他现在是否如此,不得而知)

used to不能跟表示“明确的时间段状语”连用。

不可说:He used to work here for twenty years.

used to可用于无人称句和存在句,而would则不可以。

There used to be a big tree in front of the classroom.过去教室前面有一棵大树。

It used to be said that she was a beauty.过去人们常说她是个美人。

 

【问题四】If you will wait a moment, I’ll go and find our manager. 老师不是经常告诉学生要“主将从现”吗?为何在主句中用了will,在条件句中也用will?

一般语法书都讲到,在条件或时间等从句中,要用一般时表示将来的动作,但在这里为何加了will? 其实,这里的will 并不表示将来,而是情态动词,表示一种“意愿”,意思是“愿意,想要,决心”等。在必修三第2单元也有类似的一个句子:Now, if you will excuse me, I think I'll be on my way. 如果您想原谅我的话,我想我该上路了。又如:

If you will see a doctor, I'll send for Dr Weir.如果你愿意看医生,我就派人去请韦尔医生。

Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror。现在,如果您愿意把衣服脱下,那我们就在镜子前帮您试穿一下新做的衣服。

If you won't listen to me, I can't help you. 如果你不愿听我的,那我就无法帮你。

【问题五】Kunming is called “Spring City”, but it can snow in winter. 本句用了表示推测的can,为何不用may(might)?

说来很巧,这个问题是“问题二”的反面例证。本来,表示主观推测时,can只用于否定句和疑问句,不用于肯定句中。但是,can有时也用于肯定推测,我们在必修三第1单元也遇到了类似的一个句子:Harvest and Thankgiving festivals can be very happy events. 收获节与感恩节是非常喜庆的节日。

情态动词can有一个特殊的用法:有时候它的肯定形式也表推测。它有两种情况:

1. can表示偶尔有的“可能性”,此时往往表示偶发情况。

Harbin can be very hot in summer.夏天哈尔滨有时会很热。

Michale is a good boy, but he can be very annoying. 迈克尔真是个乖孩子,可有时候会很烦人。

Kunming is called “Spring City”, but it can snow in winter. 昆明被称为“春城”,但在冬季也可能下雪。

So data of this kind can be valuable. 因此这样的资料有时很有价值。

Smiling can be an expression of contempt. 微笑有时可能表达轻蔑。

Being lost can be a terrifying experience. 迷路可能是一种很可怕的经历。

may或might表示的推测则带有主观性。如果是人的主观推测,can须用于否定或疑问句中。

2. can表示比较广泛的可能性,主要包括理论上的可能性、普遍的可能性、当然的可能性等。并非说话者主观认为的可能性,即不是说话者的主观猜测。即从理论上看是可能的,但实际未必会发生。

Anyone can make mistakes.任何人都有可能犯错误。

Food poisoning can cause death. 食物中毒可导致死亡。

Strikes can happen at any time. 罢工随时都可能发生。

Recently there has been no rain or wind. The weather can be fine tomorrow. 近来一段时间既没下雨也没刮风,明天天气可能晴朗。

Harvest and Thankgiving festivals can be very happy events. 收获节与感恩节是非常喜庆的节日。

【问题六】The driver has drunk too much wine and dangerous things should happen at any time.这个句子中,should是“应该”吗?

should除了表示义务“应该”外,也可以表示“推测”,但这种推测往往是因果的、合乎情理的逻辑推测,意为“可能怎样,应该怎样,按道理说应该”。表示说话者根据一定的依据进行的推测。句子的意思是:司机喝了太多的酒,这样,危险的事情就有可能随时发生。又如:

She should pass her chemistry final.她应该能通过化学期末考试。

Benson should be there by now.本森现在应该到那里了。

It is ten o’clock. They should come here by now. 现在10点了,他们该到这里了。

注意:should表示“推测”时,一般用于肯定句中,不用于否定句或疑问句。

 

【问题七】will和would:可以表示现在和过去的“习惯”吗?

前面在“问题三”中谈到,would除了表示过去将来时外,还有一个特殊的用法,就是表示“过去经常性、习惯性的动作”。例如:

On winter evenings we’d all sit around the fire.过去在冬天的晚上,我们常常围坐在火炉旁。

She would spend the day hanging round street corners. 她常在街角游荡,无所事事地度过一天。

Sometimes he would bring me little presents without saying why. 有时他给我带些小礼物来,也不说为什么。

那么,will是否也可以表示“现在经常性、习惯性的动作”呢?回答是肯定的。情态动词will有一个很重要的用法,就是表示“现在规律性、习惯性的动作”。例如:

When I get on a bus and I see an advert, I will read it.每当我上了公共汽车,看到广告时,我总是要读一读。

He’ll talk for hours, if you let him.如果你让他讲话,他总要讲好几个小时。

She will sit there for hours, waiting for here son to come home.她常常在那里一连坐好几个小时,等待着儿子回来。

Sometimes the cat will lie there all afternoon.有时候那只猫整个下午都躺在那里。